Hipertensión arterial en paciente de raza negra: a propósito de un caso / Hypertension in a black patient: a purpose of a case

Hypertension in black patients is usually more frequent and associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Due to demographic changes in the Chilean population, dealing with this group of patients has become more frequent. The case of a young Haitian patient with severe hypertension and target organ damage is presented.

Progress on diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies with primary nephrotic syndrome in children / 中国小儿急救医学

Kidney disease is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and hypertensive crisis in children, which can lead to serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and threaten life.Meanwhile, hypertension is also a common complication during the treatment of primary nephrotic syndrome in children.Therefore, during the process of diagnosis and treatment of primary nephrotic syndrome in children, it is necessary to actively identify and manage hypertensive emergencies and urgencies, to minimize the damage of target organs caused by hypertension.Hypertension crisis is divided into hypertensive emergency and hypertensive urgency according to presence or absence of target organ damages.Once the hypertensive emergency is found, blood pressure should be lowered rapidly and stably, and blood pressure should be reduced by no more than 25% of the planned reduction over the first 6-8 hours, and intravenous antihypertensive drugs are the first choices, as well as subsequent combined antihypertensive therapy is usually be used.

Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in malignant hypertensive retinopathy / Achados da angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica na retinopatia hipertensiva maligna

ABSTRACT A 33-year-old male presented to our clinic with low vision in both eyes that started during the previous week. Visual acuity was 20/63 in the right eye and 20/50 in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed signs of hypertensive retinopathy; thus, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted for the diagnosis and treatment of this patient. We consulted the nephrology and cardiology departments on this case. Upon diagnosing malignant hypertension and renal failure, the patient was put on hemodialysis. His visual acuity was 20/20 at 6 months, whereas foveal assessment on optical coherence tomography angiography revealed neither marked superficial and deep capillary density loss and foveal avascular zone enlargement nor a decrease in disc flow and radial peripapillary capillary density. Early diagnosis and treatment of malignant hypertension are critical in preventing progression of end-organ damage including the eyes. Optical coherence tomography angiography may be useful in cases when fundus fluorescein angiography is relatively contraindicated (e.g., renal failure).

RESUMO Um homem de 33 anos apresentou-se à nossa clínica com baixa visão em ambos os olhos que começou uma semana antes. A acuidade visual foi de 20/63 no olho direito e 20/50 no olho esquerdo. O exame de fundo de olho revelou sinais de retinopatia hipertensiva; então, adotou-se uma abordagem multidisciplinar para o diagnóstico e tratamento desse paciente. Consultamos os departamentos de nefrologia e cardiologia neste caso. Ao diagnosticar hipertensão maligna e insuficiência renal, o paciente foi colocado em hemodiálise. Sua acuidade visual era 20/20 aos 6 meses, enquanto a avaliação foveal com angiotomografia de coerência óptica não revelou perda de densidade capilar superficial e profunda acentuada e aumento da zona avascular foveal nem uma diminuição no fluxo de disco e na densidade capilar peripapilar radial. O diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento da hipertensão maligna são fundamentais na preveção da progressão de danos nos órgãos-alvo, incluindo os olhos. A Angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica pode ser útil nos casos em que a angiografia com fluoresceína do fundo de olho é relativamente contraindicada (por exemplo, insuficiência renal).

Clinical analysis of 15 patients with thrombotic microangiopathy induced by malignant hypertension / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To explore clinical characteristics and treatment of the thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) induced by malignant hypertension, and provide a better understanding of the disease. Methods The clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, therapeutic methods and prognosis of 15 TMA patients induced by malignant hypertension were analyzed retrospectively. Results The clinical manifestations were characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and kidney injury. None of the patients required plasma exchange therapy. After antihypertensive treatment, all of 15 patients were discharged with improved clinical condition, remoglobin levels and platelet count. Conclusions The TMA induced by malignant hypertension is different from the classic TMA. Improving the understanding of TMA induced by malignant hypertension will contribute to early diagnosis and targeted treatment.

Perioperative anesthetic management of a patient with catecholamine-secreting paraganglioma: A case report

Paraganglioma is an uncommon neuroendocrine tumor of cells that originate in the autonomic nervous system. Some paragangliomas have the ability to secrete catecholamines, similar to secretions in pheochromocytoma. For this reason, paragangliomas may cause malignant hypertension in patient, upon being administered anesthesia, or during surgery, this may lead to a life-threatening condition, despite the tumor having been diagnosed before conducting the procedure. Therefore, it is important to take adequate actions for reducing the occurrence of morbidity and mortality during surgery. Here, we describe a successful anesthetic management in a patient diagnosed with retroperitoneal paraganglioma invading the iliac bone.

A Rare Case of Presacral Paraganglioma Presenting with Hypertensive Encephalopathy

Paragangliomas are exceptionally rare tumors in children of neural crest origin. Our case report represents an extremely rare location for paraganglioma including its imaging features, perioperative challenges and histopathological characteristics. In the present case, a 10-year-old boy had headache and blurring of vision for four years but was not diagnosed until he came with malignant hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy. The symptoms raised urinary catecholamines and CT findings confirmed the diagnosis of a functioning paraganglioma in presacral region. Challenges during surgery are to control the fluctuating blood pressure which may suddenly rise during tumor handling and suddenly fall following its removal. The unusual location of the tumor in pararectal region also made surgical resection difficult. Paragangliomas are rare and should be kept in mind while evaluating a child with hypertension and complete excision is the treatment of choice.

Changes in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Malignant Hypertension Patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness in patients with malignant hypertension. METHODS: A total of 12 eyes of six malignant hypertension patients were included in the present study. Intraocular pressure, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and choroidal thickness were measured before and after blood pressure control. Choroidal thickness was measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). The changes in choroidal extravascular density of the EDI-OCT image after blood pressure control were evaluated by comparing brightness values obtained with Adobe Photoshop software. RESULTS: The subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) of malignant hypertension patients was 412.63 +/- 66.55 microm (mean +/- SD), which was thicker than in normal patients. After blood pressure control, SFCT decreased significantly to 356.96 +/- 59.08 microm (mean +/- SD) (p = 0.002). The choroidal extravascular density of the EDI-OCT image decreased after blood pressure control (p = 0.002), and the mean change was 17.21 +/- 7.56. CONCLUSIONS: The choroid is thickened in patients with malignant hypertension, and its thickness decreases after blood pressure control. This suggests that changes in blood pressure may affect choroidal thickness.

Edema pulmonar tipo flash secundario a trombosis de la arteria renal (síndrome de Pickering) por síndrome antifosfolípido catastrófico / Flash pulmonary edema secondary to renal artery thrombosis (Pickering syndrome) for catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome

Resumen Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 24 años con diagnóstico de edema pulmonar agudo flash, asociado a estenosis de la arteria renal secundaria, a síndrome antifosfolípido catastrófico, quien recibió manejo con esteroide endovenoso, inmunoglobulina y plasmaféresis, a pesar del tratamiento continuó con deterioro clínico, presentó múltiples episodios de emergencia hipertensiva y edema pulmonar agudo, por lo cual requirió manejo en unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se realizó angiorresonancia de aorta abdominal, arterias renales e iliacas, mostrando obstrucción del 80% de la aorta abdominal, con obstrucción del 70% de arteria renal derecha, finalmente la paciente presentó disfunción multiorgánica y fallece.

Abstract A case of a woman of 24 years with an acute pulmonary edema secondary to catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome associated with high blood pressure, management is performed with poor response to the request of management persist in intensive care unit, steroid use was started intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmaferis, but the patient continued with clinical deterioration. Origin was suspected reno vascular hypertension was performed Resonance Angiography of the abdominal aorta, renal and iliac showing: 80% obstruction of the abdominal aorta, with 70% obstruction of the right renal artery, iliac side from supplying abdomen, the patient presents multiple organ dysfunction and died.

Crise hipertensiva, pseudocrise hipertensiva e elevação sintomática da pressão arterial / Hypertensive crisis, pseudo-hypertensive crisis and symptomatic increase in blood pressure

Fundamentos: Nas elevações agudas da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), a intervenção imediata e cuidadosa é essencial para a redução da morbidade e da mortalidade decorrentes dessa complicação.Objetivos: Identificar a frequência de urgência hipertensiva (UH), emergência hipertensiva (EH), pseudocrise hipertensiva (PCH) e elevação sintomática da pressão arterial (ESPA). Comparar o conhecimento prévio da HAS, o uso prévio de anti-hipertensivos (AH), os níveis pressóricos apresentados e os desfechos hospitalares nos grupos estudados. Métodos: Estudo analítico, casos e controles, seleção consecutiva e análise retrospectiva de pacientes com elevação aguda da pressão arterial, admitidos na emergência de hospital cardiológico de atendimento privado, entre 11/2009 e 10/2010. Casos representam os pacientes com crise hipertensiva (CH): UH+EH. Controles representam os pacientes sem CH: PCH+ESPA. Resultados: Foram estudados 216 atendimentos relacionados à HAS, 113 (52,0 %) mulheres, idade entre 25-95 anos, mediana de 58 anos. EH foi diagnosticada em 18 (8,0 %) pacientes, UH em 29 (13,0 %), PCH em 8 (4,0 %) e ESPA em 161 (75,0 %). Diagnóstico e tratamento prévio de HAS não diferiram nos grupos com e sem CH. Sintomas cardiovasculares, prescrição de AH e internação foram mais frequentes naqueles com CH (p<0,05); mas apenas 7,0 % dos pacientes não receberam AH. Não houve óbitos.Conclusões: Na população estudada, CH foi identificada em 21,0 % dos casos e o tratamento AH foi aplicado em 93,0 % dos casos. O diagnóstico de HAS e tratamento AH prévio não diferiram naqueles pacientes com e sem CH.

Background: For systemic high blood pressure (SHBP) surges, immediate and careful intervention is essential for reducing morbidity and mortality rates related to this complication.Objectives: To identify the frequency of hypertensive urgency (HU), hypertensive emergency (HE), pseudo-hypertensive crisis (PHC) and symptomatic blood pressure increase (SBPI). Compare prior knowledge of SHBP, previous use of anti-hypertensive (AH), pressure levels presented and hospital outcomes in both groups. Methods: Analytical, case and control study with consecutive selection and retrospective analysis of patients with acute increase in blood pressure, admitted to the emergency cardiac care unit at a private hospital, between November 2009 and October 2010. The cases were patients with hypertensive crisis (HC): HU + HE. The controls were patients without HC: PHC + SBPI. Results: A total of 216 cases related to SHBP were studied, consisting of 113 (52 %) women between 25 and 95 years old, with a median age of 58 years. HE was diagnosed in 18 (8 %) patients, HU in 29 (13 %), PHC in 8 (4 %) and SBPI in 161 (75 %). Prior diagnosis and treatment of SHBP did not differ between the groups with and without HC. Cardiovascular symptoms, hospitalization and AH prescriptions were more frequent among those with HC (p <0.05), but only 7 % of the patients did not receive AH. There were no deaths. Conclusions: In this population studied, HC was identified in 21 % of the cases and AH treatment was administered in 93 % of cases diagnosed with SHBP. Prior AH treatment did not differ among patients with and without HC.

Malignant Hypertension with an Unusual Presentation Mimicking the Immune Mediated Pulmonary Renal Syndrome

A 27-year-old man presented at the emergency room with hemoptysis. His blood pressure was 180/100 mm Hg, and he had no history of hypertension. Chest radiographs showed bilateral infiltration, suggestive of alveolar hemorrhage. His laboratory data were consistent with acute kidney injury. His serum creatinine level increased abruptly; therefore, renal biopsy was performed. Steroid pulse therapy was administered because of a strong suspicion of immune-mediated pulmonary renal syndrome. Renal biopsy showed proliferative endarteritis, fibrinoid necrosis, and intraluminal thrombi in the vessels without crescent formation or necrotizing lesions. Steroid pulse therapy rapidly tapered and stopped. His serum creatinine level gradually decreased with strict blood pressure control. Ten months after discharge, his blood pressure was approximately 120/80 mm Hg with a serum creatinine level of 1.98 mg/dL. Pulmonary renal syndrome is generally caused by an immune-mediated mechanism. However, malignant hypertension accompanying renal insufficiency and heart dysfunction causing end-organ damage can create a pulmonary hemorrhage, similar to pulmonary renal syndrome caused by an immune-mediated mechanism. The present case shows that hypertension, a common disease, can possibly cause pulmonary renal syndrome, a rare condition.

Reunión clínica inter-hospitales: hipertensión arterial y microangiopatía trombótica en lupus eritematoso sistémico / Inter-hospital clinical meeting: hypertension and thrombotic microangiopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus

Se presenta una paciente portadora de lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), descompensado por múltiples factores, que desarrolló una nefropatía lúpica e hipertensión arterial severa de difícil manejo, asociadas a disfunción orgánica múltiple y microangiopatía trombótica, tratadas con plasmaféresis e inmunosupresión. Se exponen las causas y mecanismos fisiopatológicos más importantes de la hipertensión arterial (HTA) severa en pacientes con LES. Enseguida se analizará específicamente el púrpura trombocitopénico trombótico como causa y/o efecto de HTA en LES.

We present a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), outweighed by multiple factors, who developed lupus nephritis and severe hypertension difficult to handle, associated with organ dysfunction and thrombotic microangiopathy treated with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression. This document explains the causes and pathophysiological mechanisms leading to hypertension (HT) in patients with severe SLE. Then specifically analyzed as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura cause and / or effect of hypertension in SLE.

Hemi-central retinal artery occlusion in young adults.

Amongst the clinical presentations of retinal artery occlusion, hemi-central retinal artery occlusion (Hemi-CRAO) is rarely described. This case series of four adults aged between 22 and 36 years attempts to describe the clinical profile, etiology and management of Hemi-CRAO. Case 1 had an artificial mitral valve implant. Polycythemia and malignant hypertension were noted in Case 2. The third patient had Leiden mutation while the fourth patient had Eisenmenger’s syndrome. Clinical examination and fundus fluorescein angiography revealed a bifurcated central retinal artery at emergence from the optic nerve head, in all cases. Color Doppler examination of the central retinal artery confirmed branching of the artery behind the lamina cribrosa. It is hypothesized that bifurcation of central retinal artery behind the lamina cribrosa may predispose these hemi-trunks to develop an acute occlusion if associated with underlying risk factors. The prognosis depends upon arterial recanalisation and etiology of the thromboembolic event.

Increased sympathetic activity in normotensive offspring of malignant hypertensive parents compared to offspring of normotensive parents

Malignant hypertension seems to be the consequence of very high blood pressure. Furthermore, an increase in sympathetic and renin-angiotensin system activity is considered to be the main mechanisms producing malignant hypertension. In the present study, 10 offspring of malignant hypertensive (OMH) parents (age 28 ± 5 years, 7 males, 3 females, 2 white and 8 non-white) and 10 offspring of normotensive (ONT) parents (age 28 ± 6 years, 2 males, 8 females, 3 white and 7 non-white) were evaluated. The OMH group had significantly higher (P < 0.05) casual blood pressure (125 ± 10/81 ± 5 mmHg) compared with ONT (99 ± 13/67 ± 5 mmHg). The increase in blood pressure was greater in OMH (Ä SBP = 17 ± 2 vs Ä SBP = 9 ± 1 mmHg in ONT) during cold pressor testing, but they had a lower increase in heart rate (Ä HR = 13 ± 2 vs Ä HR = 20 ± 3 bpm in ONT) during isometric exercise (handgrip test). Sympathetic activity, measured by microneurography, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) before exercise in OMH (17 ± 6 vs 11 ± 4 burst/min in ONT) and exhibited a greater increase (Ä = 18 ± 10 vs Ä = 8 ± 3 burst/min in ONT) during isometric exercise. This study showed increased sympathetic activity in OMH before exercise and a greater response during isometric exercise, suggesting an autonomic abnormality before exercise and a greater sympathetic response to physical stress in OMH compared to ONT.

A Cases of Paraganglioma in Bladder of Patient who Visited with Acute Renal Failure / 대한신장학회지

Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamines secreting tumor that usually appears in the adrenal medulla, sympathetic ganglia and extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue. About 10% of this disease is detected in the extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue which is called paraganglioma. The three major clinical symptoms of pheochromocytoma are headache, syncope and hypertension. Approximately 0.1% of hypertensive patients have pheochromocytoma. The extra-adrenal paraganglioma is found in abdominal sympathetic nerve ganglion or Zukerkandle's organ with great frequency, but it also appears, albeit rare, in the cervical ganglion, thoracic cavity, bladder, and pelvic cavity. Some cases of paraganglioma in bladder are being reported internationally, but domestic reports are rare. We report a case of paraganglioma originating in the urinary bladder of patient who visited with acute renal failure associated with malignant hypertension. We treated him with phenoxybenzamine and later with partial cystectomy. High blood pressure was well controlled and acute renal failure was resolved.

A Case of Unilateral Renal Artery Stenosis with Contra-Lateral Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in a Chronic Kidney Disease Patient / 대한신장학회지

We report a case of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) with chronic renal failure in a patient with unilateral renal artery stenosis. A 38-year-old woman presented with malignant hypertension, massive proteinuria and renal insufficiency. MR angiography showed proximal stenosis of the right renal artery and biopsy of the left kidney revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The patient responded favorably to the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, as the blood pressure and urinary protein decreased. This case showed that FSGS is a pathophysiologic mechanism of renal injury in uncontrolled renovascular hypertension.

Primary Aldosteronism Complicated with Chronic Renal Failure / 대한신장학회잡지

Primary aldosteronism is a disease entity characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and muscle weakness. Aldosteronoma is the most common cause of primary aldosteronism. The prevalence of primary aldosteronism in patients with hypertension appears to be low, less than 1%. However, primary aldosteronism is the one of common cause of secondary hypertension that is one of a few potentially curable forms of hypertension by surgical treament. The malignant hypertension in primary aldosteronism is very rare and the renal vascular damage due to hypertension seldom occurs. There has been no known reports about primary aldosteronism complicated with chronic renal failure in Korea. We report the rare case of primary aldosteronism in patient with hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis complicated with chronic renal failure due to malignant hypertension with evident nephrosclerosis.

Hipertensión arterial maligna. su incidencia en un quinquenio / Malignant arterial hypertension behavior in a quinquennium

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo para caracterizar la hipertensión arterial maligna en el Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech de Camagüey, durante un quinquenio. El universo ascendió a 38 enfermos cuyos datos se procesaron en una microcomputadora utilizando el programa Microstad. Los hombres representaron el 65, 7 % del universo, el principal grupo de edad fue de 48 a 67 años en el que se ubicó el 50 %. La hiperuricemia, la diabetes mellitus, la hiperlipoproteinemia y la cardiopatía isquémica fueron los antecedentes personales más frecuentes. En el 55.3 % predominó la hipertensión severa, mediando un período de 6 a 10 años (44, 7 %) para el diagnóstico de la hipertensión maligna. Las principales lesiones de órganos diana fueron la insuficiencia renal, la microproteinuria, el infarto cerebral aterotrombótico, el ataque transitorio de isquemia, la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda y el infarto cardíaco.

A descriptive study was performed for characterizingg malignant arterial hypertensión at Manuel Ascunce Domenech, during a que quinquenium. The study universe raised to 38 nursed whose data were processed in a PC using MICROSTAT program. Men represented 65, 7 % of the universe, the main age group was 48 to 67 years in which 50 % was located. Hyperuricemia, diabetes mellitus, hyperliproteinemia and ischemic cardiopathy were the most frequent personal antecendents; in 55, 3 % prevailed severe hypertension, mediating a period from 6 to 10 years (44, 7 %) for the diagnosis of malignant hypertension . The main lesions of target organs were renal failure, microproteinuria, atherotrombotic cerebral infarction, transient ischemic stroke, letf ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac infartion.

Clinical characteristics of renal artery stenosis complicated with malignant hypertension / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To investigate the incidence, clinical characteristics and prognosis of malignant hypertension (MHT) resulted from renal artery stenosis (RAS).Methods Among those diagnosed as RAS by arteriography over a 23 year period (From January 1980 to April 2003), 23 patients complicated with malignant hypertension(MHT) were included. Their etiology, clinical characteristics,treatment and prognosis were analyzed, and compared with those of 46 renal parenchymal MHT and 23 primary MHT cases during in the same period.Results Twenty three patients accounted for 25 8%of MHT cases and 19 5%of RAS cases during the same period.Among 23 patients, atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) and Takayasu arteritis were most commonly seen, and ARAS became the leading cause after 1990.The distinct characteristics of RAS included unilateral small kidney(52 2%), abdominal or flank bruit(17 4%)and azotemia induced by treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor(8.7%).Besides, compared with renal parenchymal MHT group, the level of urine protein in RAS with MHT group was less and all decreased to less than 1 g/d after blood pressure was controlled.Furthermore, hematuria was seldom in RAS with MHT group. As for basal renal function, serum creatinine level in the majority in RAS with MHT group was normal, while most patients of the other two groups had elevated or remarkably elevated serum creatinine level.Hypertension was cured in 54 5%of those receiving interventional therapy in RAS with MHT group. During the follow up 3～12 months, only 2 cases in RAS with MHT group were dialysis dependent, who were less than those in other groups.Conclusions RAS is a common cause of secondary MHT, and the percentage of ARAS is increasing. For MHT patients without hematuria and massive proteinuria, screening for renal artery stenosis is strongly recommended. Although prognosis of RAS is comparatively good, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial.